Mutoscopes are early animation devices developed in the late 19th century. They consisted of hundreds of frames on printed cards, attached to a rotary drum. These coin-operated machines sent still images into a moving animation that could be privately viewed by peering into a viewing glass. Because of the seclusion of the animations hidden within the machine, these devices made ideal vessels for pornographic content.

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I am interested in the use of the mutoscope for its physical embodiment and forced participation of the viewer. The mutoscopes that I have created are constructed from found objects and only include 20-50 frames. The animations within these devices are connected to the objects they are constructed with and typically carry themes of labour, and evoke the working-class.